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GETTYSBURG 

H  E  Battle  of  Gettysburg  was  fought  on  July  1,  2  and  3,  1863,  between  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  commanded  by  General  George  G.  Meade  and  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia  under  the  leadership  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee.  On  the  green  fields  of  a 
quiet  little  Pennsylvania  town,  the  irreconcilable  difference  of  opinion  which  had 
arrayed  the  North  and  the  South  in  hostile  armies  was  settled  by  bloody  combat  in 
favor  of  a  continuance  of  a  Federal  Union  of  inseparable  States.  Although  the 
refusal  of  a  brave  and  stubborn  people  to  acknowledge  defeat  prolonged  the  struggle 
for  nearly  two  years  more,  Gettysburg  was  the  decisive  field  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
is  so  recognized  by  the  National  Government  which  has  acquired  the  control  and 
care  of  the  old  battleground.  Here  the  various  States  and  veteran  organizations 
have  erected  over  six  hundred  monuments  and  markers  in  honor  of  the  heroic  dead, 
and  to  define  the  lines  of  battle. 

The  exact  number  of  men  engaged  at  Gettysburg  has  always  been  in  dispute,  but  it 
is  estimated  that  General  Meade  had  an  effective  force  at  his  disposal  of  about 
83,000  men  and  327  guns.  General  Lee  actually  fought  about  69,000  men  and  250 
guns.  During  the  three  days'  fight  the  Union  losses  were  23,049  killed,  wounded 
and  missing,  and  the  Confederate  losses  aggregated  23,029;  a  total  of  43,078,  or 
nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  number  of  men  on  the  field. 

The  battles  of  Fredericksburg  and  Chancellorsville  had  inspired  the  Southerners 
with  a  belief  in  the  invincibility  of  their  troops,  and  an  invasion  of  the  North  was 
the  natural  result  of  their  desire  to  compel  a  recognition  of  the  demands  of  the 
South.  The  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  therefore,  started  on  its  second  attempt 
to  carry  the  war  into  the  loyal  states  and  marched  northward  from  Fredericksburg, 
June  2,  1863.  The  movement  was  pushed  forward  with  energy  and  by  the  latter 
part  of  the  month  the  different  corps  of  the  Confederate  army  had  occupied  many 
interior  towns  of  Pennsylvania,  including  Carlisle  and  York,  and  had  penetrated  to 
the  suburbs  of  Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  the  State. 

Meanwhile  the  Union  army  under  General  Hooker  had  started  in  pursuit  and  was 
marching  parallel  to  Lee's  right  flank,  keeping  between  the  enemy  and  Washington. 
The  armies  avoided  coming  into  direct  collision  for  several  days.  On  the  night  of 
the  30th,  General  Meade,  who  had  succeeded  Hooker,  ordered  General  Reynolds, 
commanding  the  First  and  Eleventh  corps,  to  occupy  Gettysburg.  It  so  happened 
that  Lee,  fearing  that  his  corps  were  too  scattered,  had  ordered  his  commanders  to 
turn  southward  and  concentrate  near  the  same  town.  Following  out  their  several 
instructions  the  advanced  bodies  of  both  armies  clashed  a  few  miles  northwest  of 
Gettysburg  on  the  morning  of  the  1st  of  July.  The  story  of  the  battle  is  told  with 
the  views  in  this  book.  After  his  defeat  Lee  retired  across  the  Potomac. 

Published  by  L.  H.  NELSON  COMPANY,  PORTLAND,  MAINE, 
Proprietors  Nelson's  International  Series  of  Souvenir  Books. 


Copyright,  1905,  by  L.  H.  Nelson  Co. 


Photographs  from  W.  H.  Tipton,  Gettysburg  Official  Photographer 


M315181 


McPHERSON'S  FARM,  CHAMBERSBURG  PIKE.    FIRST  DAY. 

At  8.30  on  the  morning  of  July  1,  1863,  the  advance  of  the  Confederates  along  the  Chambersburg  Pike,  shown  in  this  view  running  parallel  to  the  railroad  cut,  was  discovered 
by  scouts  of  Buford's  Cavalry.  With  the  aid  of  a  battery  of  artillery  the  gallant  cavalrymen  held  the  enemy  at  bay  until  the  arrival  of  Reynolds  with  infantry  and  artillery 
reinforcements.  The  original  line  of  battle  extended  across  the  background  of  this  view  as  marked  by  the  white  memorials,  but  fresh  troops  coming  up  and  engaging  on 
botli  sides  caused  the  tide  of  war  to  roll  along  the  whole  northern  front  of  the  town.  Late  in  the  afternoon  Ewell's  corps  overwhelmed  the  Union  right  and  forced  it 
to  retreat  through  the  streets  of  Gettysburg.  The  line  held  by  the  left  was  untenable  and  it  retired  doggedly  to  Cemetery  Ridge. 


WHERK  GENERAL  REYNOLDS  WAS  KILLED.    FIRST  DAY. 

The  cavalrymen  liail  exhausted  tlieir  (Carbine  ammunition  and  were  holding  the  line  with  Colt  revolvers  when  Reynold's  arrived  at  10  o'clock  with  Wadsworth's  division 
and  Hall's  Second  Maine  Battery.  The  new  line  was  barely  formed  before  the  Confederates  struck  it  in  force.  General  Reynolds  rode  forward  to  better  observe  the  Weld. 
Animated  by  his  presence  Meredith's  "  Iron  Brigade  "  charged,  turned  the  enemy's  right,  and  captured  the  Confederate  general  Archer,  and  a  large  part  of  his  command. 
Cutler's  men  drove  the  rebels  under  Davis  from  the  railroad  cut,  pell-mell.  It  was  a  brilliant  opening  to  the  great  battle,  but  cost  the  life  of  Reynolds,  who,  while  direct 
ing  operations  from  the  clump  of  trees  near  the  Mcl'berson  Farm,  was  shot  and  almost  instantly  killed.  The  grove  is  now  known  as  "Reynolds'  Woods." 


Copyright,  1889,  W.  H.  Tipton.  DEATH  OF  GENERAL,  REYNOLDS.    FIRST  DAY. 

Major  General  John  F.  Reynolds  was  the  officer  of  highest  rank  killed  at  Gettysburg.  He  had  ridden  forward  to  personally  examine  the  ground.  While  turning  from  side 
to  side  in  his  saddle,  anxious  to  hasten  the  advance  of  the  troops,  he  was  shot  in  the  head  by  a  Confederate  sharpshooter,  fell  from  his  horse  and  died  without  speaking. 
General  Reynolds  had  impressed  the  army  and  the  authorities  at  Washington  with  his  ability,  and  an  appointment  to  the  full  command,  on  the  removal  of  Hooker  a  few  days 
before,  had  gone  over  him  to  Meade  by  the  merest  chance.  At  the  time  of  his  death  General  Reynolds  was  commanding  the  left  wing  of  the  army.  He  was  succeeded  by 
General  Abner  Doubleday,  who  stubbornly  held  the  line  on  the  left  during  the  day  and  only  retired  when  his  right  was  uncovered  by  Ewell's  success. 


ARTILLERY  GOING  INTO  ACTION.    FIRST  DAY. 

The  efficient  work  of  Oalef's  battery  A,  Second  United  States  Artillery,  was  an  important  aid  to  the  cavalry  in  holding  the  long  line  for  two  hours.  With  General  Reynolds 
came  Hall's  Second  Maine  battery  which  swung  into  position  on  the  Chambersburg  Pike  and  relieved  Calcf .  Hall's  battery  was  imperiled  by  a  retrograde  movement  of  the 
infantry  at  one  stage  and  after  lighting  with  canister  at  close  range  was  forced  to  withdraw  in  sections  with  severe  loss.  It  was  replaced  by  Reynolds'  battery.  Later, 
Colonel  Wainwright,  commanding  the  corps  artillery,  planted  the  guns  at  the  foot  of  Seminary  Ridge,  with  Stewart's  battery  to  the  north  of  it.  From  this  .position 
Stewart  raked  the  rlnal  Confederate  advance  and  inflicted  heavy  loss.  When  retiring  Wainwright  was  pressed  hard,  but  only  lost  one  gun. 


THE  PEACH  ORCHARD.    SECOND  DAY. 

The  armies  spent  the  night  of  July  l»t  in  preparing  for  battle.  Troops  and  artillery  were  hurried  into  position.  Both  commanders  decided  to  stand  their  ground.  Morning; 
found  the  Union  army  momentarily  expecting  an  attack,  but  it  was  not  until  four  in  the  afternoon  that  Longsti  eet's  corps  was  launched  at  the  Federal  left.  The  open  Held 
directly  in  frontof  the  large  white  building  (the  Trostle  barni  in  the  center  of  the  view,  is  the  Peach  Orchard.  Here  Sickles'  advanced  position  bore  the  brunt  of  the  first 
attack.  It  was  the  scene  of  terrific  fighting.  The  first  assaults  of  the  enemy  were  repulsed,  but  towards  six  o'clock,  after  a  bloody  conflict,  the  angle  w;is  broken  in. 
Sickles  was  severely  wounded,  and  the  Federals  fell  back  slowly,  lighting  every  incb  of  the  way. 


THE  LOOP.    SECOND  DAY. 

The  Loop,  the  knob  covered  with  monuments  in  the  view,  is  located  to  the  left  and  rear  of  the  1'each  Orchard.  Here  Barnes  held  the  Union  line  and  sustained  the  attacks 
of  Kershaw's  South  Carolina  brigade  sent  by  Longstrect  to  take  the  Peach  Orchard  in  reverse.  The  assault  was  most  desperate  and  with  a  strength  at  least  double  that  of 
the  defenders.  The  struggle  was  persistent  and  bloody,  but  the  Fifth  corps'  men  were  finally  forced  back  and  the  enemy  struck  the  Hank  of  ileTrobriand's  brigade  holding 
the  Wheattield  line.  It  was  a  costly  gain.  After  the  battle  the  bodies  of  over  fifteen  hundred  Confederate  dead  were  gathered  in  front  of  this  position  and  burled  in 
trenches  near  the  Rose  house  from  which  this  view  was  taken. 


THE  WHEATFIELD.    SECOND  DAY. 

The  advance  of  McLaw's  and  Hood's  divisions  engaged  the  Union  forces  in  the  Wheatneld,  a  position  further  left,  and  in  the  rear  of  the  Peach  Orchard.  The  attack  at  this 
point  was  resisted  firmly  during  several  hours  of  hard  fighting.  The  Federal  lines  were  assaulted  repeatedly  without  gain.  After  Barksdale  had  pushed  back  the  Union 
regiments  from  the  Peach  Orchard,  Kershaw's  and  Wofl'ord's  brigades  fell  on  the  right  Hank  of  the  heroic  defenders  of  the  Wheatneld,  drove  them  out,  and  advanced  the 
Con  Tolerate  line  to  the  Plum  Run  valley,  west  of  Little  Round  Top.  Here  the  victorious  enemy  was  met  by  a  charge  of  three  brigades  of  the  Fifth  and  Sixth  Corps.  When 
darkness  closed  the  battle,  the  Confederates  held  possession  of  the  southern  and  western  sides  of  this  dearly  won  field. 


DEVIL'S  DEN.    SECOND  DAY. 

This  mass  of  nick,  within  easy  range  of  Little  Round  Top,  was  defended  by  Smith's  Fourth  New  York  battery.  As  the  exultant  Confederates  pushed  back  the  Union  line 
they  carried  the  Devil's  Den  and  captured  three  of  Smith's  guns.  The  position  was  immediately  occupied  by  the  enemy's  sharpshooters,  who  opened  a  deadly  fire  upon  the 
Federals  defending  Little  Hound  Top.  Their  practice  was  so  accurate  that  Hazk'tt's  battery,  which  had  been  dragged  to  the  summit,  could  not  be  used  with  effect.  In  one 
instance  three  gunners  were  picked  oil  before  the  fourth  succeeded  in  firing  the  piece,  and  General  Weed  and  Lieutenant  Hazlett  were  both  shot  dead.  The  Federal  sharp 
shooters  in  turn  reduced  the  Confederate  lire  ami  the  artillery  vigorously  shelled  the  Den.  Sixty-eight  dead  Confederates  were  found  among  these  boulders. 


LOOKING  TOWARD  LITTLE  ROUND  TOP  FROM  DEVIL'S  DEN.    SECOND  DAY. 

This  wild  ground  was  savagely  contested  as  the  victorious  Confederates  attempted  to  seize  Little  Round  Top.  Their  preliminary  movements  had  been  observed  by  General 
Warren,  chief  engineer  of  the  Union  army,  in  time  to  call  upon  the  brigades  of  Weed  and  Vincent,  and  Ha/lett's  battery,  for  the  defence  of  the  summit.  Colonel  Strong 
Vincent,  83d  Pennsylvania,  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  head  of  a  charge  which  drove  the  enemy  over  the  boulders  to  the  ravine  below.  At  the  extreme  left  McLaw's 
Alabama  brigade  took  the  crest  of  Big  Round  Top,  but  was  hurled  headlong  from  the  adjoining  slope  of  Little  Round  Top  by  the  Twentieth  Maine.  Big  Round  Top  was 
retaken  during  the  night.  The  Confederates  clung  to  the  woods  and  rocks  at  the  base  of  the  two  hills.  It  marked  the  limit  of  their  advance  against  the  Union  left. 


LITTLE  AM)  BKi   ROUND  TOl'S.     SECOND  1>A.Y. 

The  rocky  eminence  of  Little  Kmnul  Top  was  a  natural  fortification  whose  defensive  and  strategic  value  was  quickly  noted  by  tbe  practiced  eye  of  General  Warren.  The 
lighting  in  this  vicinity  did  not  cease  until  nine  in  the  evening.  The  ground  was  covered  with  the  dead  and  wounded  of  the  combatants.  It  is  not  to  be  wondereil  at  that 
the  valley  in  front  through  which  meanders  Plum  Run  should  be  known  as  the  "  Valley  of  Death,"  and  the  base  and  left  slope  of  Little  Round  Top  as  the  "Slaughter  Pen." 
The  til  ing  had  been  so  heavy  that  trees  were  actually  cut  off  by  bullets,  the  ragged  edges  proving  the  fact.  A  tine  road  built  by  the  government  now  winds  about  the  base  of 
the  Round  Tops.  It  connects  with  similar  roads  which  skirt  the  line  of  the  Union  front  along  Cemetery  Ridge  to  the  extreme  right. 


Copyright,  188'J,  W.  H.  Tipton.  THE  WHIRLPOOL  IN  THE  WHEATFIELI).    SECOND  DAY. 

The  fighting  in  the  Wheattield  took  on  the  character  of  a  savage  and  destructive  whirlpool  shortly  after  six  o'clock,  as  successive  charges  of  hostile  regiments  which 
advanced,  then  retired,  and  then  fought  in  circles  in  an  endeavor  to  outmaneuver  and  outflank  each  other,  gave  the  conflict  that  resemblance.  Often  the  combatants  came 
to  close  quarters  and  withering  volleys  were  exchanged  with  terrible  effect.  Here  fell  the  brave  Ocneral  Zook  while  gallantly  leading  the  Third  brigade  in  person.  When 
darkness  fell,  the  field  of  growing  wheat  that  had  looked  so  fair  in  the  morning  was  trampled  and  bloody,  and  covered  with  the  bodies  of  the  slain  and  sorely  wonndril.  It  is 
estimated  that  more  blood  was  shed  in  the  I'each  Orchard  and  Whcatfield  than  upon  any  tract  of  equal  si/.e  in  America. 


Copyright,  ISM.'W.  H.Tipton.  CHARGE  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RESERVES.    SECOND  DAY. 

It  was  growing  dark,  but  the  success  of  tlie  Confederates  in  pushing  back  the  Union  line  inspired  tliem  to  greater  efforts.  Their  skirmishers  advanced  across  the  Valley  of 
Heath.  This  movement  was  met  1>\  a  brilliant  charge  of  the  Pcnns\  Ivania  Reserves  who  swept  over  the  valley  anil  sent  the  enemy  scurrying  back  to  the  recesses  of  the 
woods.  It  was  accomplished  in  the  face  of  a  wicked  musketry  tire  and  effectually  stopped  the  forward  movement  of  the  Confederates  for  the  second  day  of  battle.  The 
I'ennsylvanians  under  arms  at  Gettysburg  consisted  of  sixty-eight  regiments  of  infantry,  nine  regiments  of  cavalry,  and  seven  batteries  of  artillery.  They  resented  the 
presence  of  the  enemy  on  the  soil  of  their  State  and  fought  with  patriotic  ardor.  Fifty-eight  hundred  and  ninety -one  were  among  the  killed,  wounded  and  missing. 


UNION  WORKS  ON  CULP'S  HILL.    SECOND  DAY. 

Kwell  had  been  ordered  to  strike  the  Union  right  when  he  heard  the  sound  of  Longstreet's  guns  attarking  tin-  left.  After  a  lively  artillery  duel  in  which  the  Federal  artillery 
posted  ou  Cemetery  Hill  silenced  their  opponents,  .Johnson's  brigade  was  sent  against  (Jrcene  entrenched  on  Culp's  Hill.  This  view  shows  the  Union  works  along  the  front 
of  the  monuments  erected  to  mark  the  positions  of  organizations.  The  fighting  was  of  a  determined  character  for  three  hours,  hut  reinforcements  coming  up,  Greene  beat 
oft'  every  assault  of  the  enemy.  Johnson  only  retained  a  foot  hold  upon  Culp's  Hill  where  a  portion  of  the  Twelfth  corps,  ordered  to  other  parts  of  the  line,  had  vacated  its 
defenses.  These  troops  returned  during  the  night  and  the  nc\t  morning  ousted  .lohnson'aftcr  a.hitter  conflict. 


KAST  CKMKTKK1    HILL  FROM  STEVENS'   KNOI.L.     SECOND  DAY. 

When  Johnson  engaged  ('nip's  II  ill,  Karly's  division  formed  in  the  streets  of  Gettysburg  for  an  attack  at  about  7.3"  in  the  evening.  It  advanced  along  Ifloody  Lane,  con 
cealed  by  the  trees  in  the  right  middle  distance  of  the  view,  and  led  by  Hay's  "  Louisiana  Tigers,"  charged  the  Union  line  on  East  Cemetery  Hill,  the  eminence  crowned  by 
the  tower.  The  column  was  broken  by  a  terrible  enfilade  tire  from  Stevens'  Fifth  Maine  battery  on  the  knoll  in  the  foreground  and  also  from  the  aid  Massachusetts  infantry 
stationed  near  the  marker  in  the  center  of  the  view,  but  fought  desperately  on  and  overran  Wiederich's  and  Rickett's  batteries  near  the  brow  of  the  hill.  A  savage  rally  of 
the  artillerymen  with  pistols,  handspikes,  rammers,  and  even  stones  and  fence  rails  recovered  the  guns,  and  the  Confederates  were  driven  to  their  lines. 


THK  BLOODY   ANfiLK— W1IKHK  I 

On  the  third  day  Lee  determined  to  smash  the  Union  center  and  assigned  the  task  to  Longstreet's  corps.  About  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  cine  hundred  and  eighty  Con 
federate  guns  opened  tire,  to  which  one  hundred  and  forty  pieces  of  Federal  artillery  gave  reply.  This  territic  duel  lasted  for  two  hours.  The  tire  of  the  Confederates 
searched  the  Federal  lines  and  eleven  caissons  were  Mown  up,  to  the  great  joy  of  the  enemy.  Near  three  o'clock  General  Hunt,  chief  of  artillery  on  the  Union  side,  gave  tin- 
order  "  Cease  tiring  "  to  avoid  a  further  waste  of  ammunition.  The  silence  01  the  guns  was  mistaken  by  the  Confederates  as  indicating  a  lack  of  projectiles.  The  assaulting 
column,  which  had  been  forming  in  the  woods  in  the  center  background  of  this  view,  deployed  into  sight,  and  fifteen  thousand  strong,  began  tlio  famous  charge. 


CK  THE  LINE.    TlllKL)  DAY. 

Across  tlie  lil'tocn  hundred  yards  which  separated  tlie  two  armies,  I'ickett's  men  advanced  as  if  on  parade.  The  Federal  artillery  re-opened  with  shot  and  shell  and,  as 
they  r:une  nearer,  the  deadly  canister,  hut  the  Confederates  moved  forward  without  a  waver.  They  divided  about  the  Codori  house  shown  in  the  center  of  the  view.  The 
t'nion  riHe  tire  now  tore  their  tront  pitilessly,  and  St&nnard's  Vermont  brigade  volleyed  at  their  right  (lank.  Led  by  Generals  Armistead  and  Garnett,  they  kept  on  and 
struck  the  Federal  line  along  the  stone  wall  across  the  middle  of  this  view.  A  wild  hand-to-hand  struggle  ensued,  (iarnett  was  killed  at  the  wall.  Armistead  penetrated 
beyond,  to  fall  mortally  wounded.  Without  leaders  they  were  overwhelmed  and  beaten,  and  only  a  comparative  few  regained  the  cover  of  the  woods. 


Copyright,  1888,  W.  H.  Tipton.  THR  AHTILLERY  JH'EI..    II  AN<  OOK'S  RIDE  ALONG  THE  LINE.    THIRD  DAY. 

When  the  two  signal  guns  boomed  at  one  o'clock  the  whole  Confederate  line  burst  into  a  sheet  of  Maine.  The  Federals  were  not  slow  in  coming  lack  and  Big  Hound  Top  to 
Cemetery  Hill  blazed  like  a  volcano.  Deadly  missiles  from  three  hundred  and  forty  guns  shrieked  and  tore  their  way  through  the  air.  Under  the  hot  .July  sun  the  artillery 
men  on  both  sides  served  their  pieces  unflinchingly,  although  the  loss  in  men  and  horses  at  some  points  was  horrifying.  During  the  height  of  the  artillery  duel,  fieneral 
\Viufielil  8.  Hancock,  commanding  the  Union  center,  rode  calmly  along  the  line  steadying  the  men  and  preparing  the  infantry  for  the  grand  assault  sure  to  follow.  General 
Hancock  was  severely  wounded  later  in  the  day  while  engaged  in  throwing  Stannard's  Vermonters  into  a  gap  between  Pickett  and  his  right  support. 


Copyright,  1889,  W.  H.Tipton.  THE  FKiHT  AT  THE  BLOODY  ANGLE.    THIRD  DAY. 

The  Union  artillery  planted  at  and  near  the  Bloody  Angle  threw  double  canister  into  the  ranks  of  the  oncoming  Confederates,  but  could  not  stop  them.  Lieutenant  Cushing. 
holding  a  gaping  wound  with  one  hand,  helped  to  run  his  pieoe  nearer  the  wall  with  the  other,  and,  as  he  fell,  discharged  the  gun  and  blew  a  hole  in  the  enemy's  line.  As 
the  yelling  Confederates  leaped  the  wall,  the  intrepid  Federal  infantry  rose  and  met  them  with  bayonets,  clubbed  rifles  and  with  fists,  but  were  whirled  back  by  the  impetu- 
ousity  of  the  assault.  Fresh  Union  supports  rushed  in  from  all  sides.  The  enemy  was  shot,  bayonetted  and  clubbed  along  its  front  and  on  each  flank.  No  living  men 
could  endure  such  punishment.  Whole  companies  gave  up  in  despair  and  only  disorganized  stragglers  returned  to  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia. 


THE  HIGH  AVATER  MARK  AND  COPSE  OF  TREES. 

This  impressive  monument,  in  design  supporting  an  open  book  inscribed  with  the  names  of  all  commands  participating  in  the  desperate  charge  of  Longstrcct's  corps  and  its 
repulse,  marks  the  furthest  point  within  the  Union  lines  reached  by  the  brave  Confederates.  The  copse  of  trees  was  pointed  out  by  the  gallant  rickett,  whose  picture  is  in 
the  upper  left  corner,  ;is  the  place  where  bis  men  were  to  pierce  the  Federal  center.  The  monument  is  well  named  the  High  Water  Mark.  Here  the  wave  of  rebellion  and 
invasion  broke  mid  receded  before  the.  rock  ol1  Northern  valor  and  never  again  threatened  free  soil.  The  failure  of  Pickett's  charge  w:is  no  discredit  to  the  lighting  ability 
of  the  Southerners;  their  military  honor  was  not  tarnished  by  defeat,  but  from  that  hour  the  Confederate  cause  felt  the  shadow  of  Appomattox. 


BATTI.KKIELI)  FROM  LITTLE  KOI'NI)  TOP.     WEST  VIEW. 

Little  Round  Top,  wliich  figures  so  prominently  in  the  story  of  (lettysbiirg,  occupies  such  a  commanding  location  tliat  it  is  the  best  point  from  which  to  obtain  a  compre 
hensive  idea  of  the  topography  of  the  battlefield.  It  was  along  the  background  of  this  view  on  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day  that  Hood's  division  marched  hoping  to 
reach  a  favorable  position  against  the  Federal  left,  unobserved  by  the  Union  signal  station  on  this  bill.  The  attack  was  delivered  diagonally  across  the  lei  toft  he  view.  The 
trees  on  the  extreme  left  are  on  the  slope  leading  to  the  ravine  from  which  emerged  Law's  Alabama  brigade  after  sweeping  over  Big  Hound  Top.  In  the  center  of  the  view 
is  Devil's  Den,  occupied  by  the  Confederate  advance  and  tilled  with  sharpshooters.  All  attempts  of  the  enemy  to  cross  the  valley  were  repulsed. 


BATTLEFIELD  FROM   LITTLE  HOUND  TO1'.    NORTHWEST  VIEW. 

The  statue  of  General  Warren  upon  Little  Kound  Top  marks  where  that  brave  officer  stood  on  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day  ami  noted  the  Hash  of  havonets  as  the  enemy 
advanced  through  the  woods  hack  of  Devil's  Don.  The  open  field,  dotted  with  monuments,  in  front  of  the  trees  at  the  left  of  this  view  is  the  bloody  Wheatfield.  Beyond 
the  trees  is  the  white  Trostle  barn  and  the  Peach  Orchard,  where  near  six  o'clock  of  that  terrible  day  the  tire  of  sixty  Confederate  guns  were  concentrated  upon  the  salient 
angle  held  by  Sickles.  The  open  space  at  the  elbow  of  the  statue  is  the  ground  over  which  Pickett's  division  charged  on  the  third  day  to  meet  destruction  at  the  Bloody 
Angle,  near  the  tall  shaft  of  the  Stannard  monument  shown  in  the  upper  right  corner  of  this  view. 


BATTLEFIELD  FROM  LITTLE  ROUND  TOP.    NORTH  VIEW. 

This  view,  over  the  top  of  the  statue  of  a  zouave  marking  the  position  of  the  155th  Pennsylvania  on  Little  Round  Top,  carries  the  eye  along  the  Union  line  on  Cemetery  Ridge, 
with  the  scene  of  Pickett's  charge  in  the  left  background.  The  bulk  of  Cemetery  Hill  and  Gulp's  Hill,  held  Ity  the  Federal  right  against  Ewell's  assaults  from  the  north,  is 
outlined  dimly  on  the  center  hori/on.  The  Federal  line,  bending  like  a  fish-hook  to  the  east,  was  over  four  miles  in  length.  It  was  firmly  held  by  the  determined  Army  of 
the  Potomac.  After  the  battle  the  dead  Confederates  in  front  of  the  Union  position  were  buried  in  great  trenches,  but  were  disinterred  nine  years  later  and  reburied  in  the 
South.  The  hundreds  of  duad  horses  were  collected  in  huge  piles  and  burned. 


HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE  COMMANDERS. 

General  Meade  established  his  headquarters  during  the  night  after  the  first  day's  battle  in  a  small  frame  cottage  on  tin-  west  side  of  the  Taneytown  Road,  back  of  Cemetery 
Hill.  The  lighting  on  the  second  and  third  days  was  directed  from  here.  During  the  cannonade  preliminary  to  Pickett's  charge,  exploding  shells  dropped  on  all  sides  of  the 
house  and  killed  twenty-seven  horses  of  the  headquarters'  guard.  A  fine  equestrian  statue  of  General  Meade  now  marks  the  spot  to  which  he  rode  furward  and  witnessed  the 
"•treat  of  I'ickeU's  men.  General  I.ee  accompanied  the  advance  of  his  army  along  tlw  ('hainhpralmrg  Pike.  Ills  headquarters  during  the  battle  were  in  a  little  stone 
h.mse  on  that  road  about  one-half  mile  west  of  Gettysburg.  Both  of  these  buildings  are  carefully  preserved. 


VIEW  OF  THE  GENERAL  HOSPITAL,  GETTYSBURG. 

This  view  of  the  General  Hospital  at  Gettysburg  is  of  especial  interest  as  a  reproduction  of  a  photograph  taken  in  1863,  immediately  after  the  great  battle.  The  hospital 
tents  were  located  in  the  rear  of  the  position  along  Cemetery  Ridge,  beyond  the  zone  of  danger.  Here,  during  the  conflict,  the  surgeons,  bared  to  the  elbow,  plied  their  gory 
knives  until  overcome  by  exhaustion.  Nearly  fifteen  thousand  wounded  were  reported  on  the  returns  of  the  Army  of  the  I'otomac,  and  almost  an  equal  number  in  the  army 
of  General  Lee.  The  decorations  on  the  hospital  tents  were  placed  there  by  the  women  connected  with  the  United  States  Christian  and  Sanitary  Commissions,  auxiliary  to 
the  General  Hospital,  in  an  effort  to  relieve  to  some  extent  the  horror  of  the  scenes. 


Copyright,  issx,  W.  H.  Tipton.  VETERANS  OF  18(33. 

In  the  dooryard  of  the  Shcrfy  buildings  on  the  Emmitsbiirg  Road  near  the  Peach  Orchard  is  yet  standing  an  old  cherry  tree  with  a  ten-pound  solid  shot  embedded  in  its 
trunk,  an  interesting  relic  of  the  great  battle.  On  Gulp's  Hill,  many  bullet-scarred  trees  yet  bear  witness  to  the  severity  of  the  tire  at  that  point.  At.  the  close  of  the  war  the 
scene  of  the  conflict  at  Gulp's  Hill  was  covered  by  a  forest  of  dead  trees,  the  leaden  bullets  having  proven  as  fatal  to  them  as  to  the  soldiers  whose  bodies  were  once  thickly 
strewn  beneath.  It  is  estimated  upon  good  authority  that  almost  six  hundred  tons  of  deadly  missiles  were  interchanged  during  the  three  days'  battle.  All  along  the  line 
between  the  opposing  forces  the  trees  were  literally  peppered  with  bullets  and  many  great  trunks  were  severed. 


Copyright,  1888,  W.  H.Tipton.  JOHN  BURNS,  THE  OLD  HERO  OF  GETTYSBURG. 

John  Burns,  a  eiti/en  of  Gettysburg,  over  seventy  years  old,  seized  a  musket  at  the  approach  of  the  Confederates  and  otVered  his  services  to  Colonel  Wister  of  the  150th 
Pennsylvania  against  the  foe  invading  the  town.  He  was  advised  to  tight  in  the  woods  but  preferred  the  open  lino  and  joined  the  skirmishers  of  the  7th  Wisconsin,  "  Iron 
Brigade.*'  He  was  wounded  in  three  places  and  lay  all  night  upon  the  tield  of  the  first  day's  fight  within  the  lines  of  the  enemy.  The  view  shows  his  home,  taken  in  1863, 
with  the  old  hero  on  the  porch,  before  he  had  recovered  from  his  wounds,  also  the  tine  statue  erected  in  his  honor  on  the  field  of  battle.  A  bron/.e  tablet  set  into  the  face  of 
the  pedestal  of  native  stone  tells  the  story  of  his  services,  taken  from  the  otlicial  report  of  Major  General  Aimer  Doubleday. 


MAJOR  GEN. 
JOHN  F.  REYNOLDS 

COMUANOINB 


ARMY  OF  THE  POTOMAC 

JULY  Is,.  1863 

ERECTED  BY  THE 

STATE  OF  P£m/LV<.!)lA 

JULY  1886 


MAJOR' GENERA! 
IOHN-F  REYNOLDS 
U-5-V 


REYNOLDS'  MARKER,  AND  STATUE  IN  NATIONAL  CEMETERY. 

Major  General  .John  F.  Reynolds  was  a  favorite  son  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  His  death  at  the  beginning  of  the  great  tight  was  widely  mourned,  not  only  in  his  native 
State,  but  throughout  the  country.  A  granite  monument  marks  the  spot  where  he  fell  in  Reynolds'  Woods,  near  the  Mcl'herson  buildings  on  the  Chamhersburg  Pike.  In 
the  Gettysburg  National  Cemetery  is  a'rine  bronze  statue  erected  to  his  memory.  It  was  General  Reynolds  who  observed  the  availability  of  Cemetery  Ridge  for  defense,  and 
he  had  sent  an  orderly  to  Meade  urging  him  to  accept  battle  at  Gettysburg  just  before  his  denth.  It  was  his  promptitude  and  gallantry  that  determined  the  decisive  field  of 
the  war. 


SOME  GETTYSBURG  MEMORIALS. 

The  position  of  every  Union  organization  and  of  some  of  the  Confederate  commands  participating  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  has  been  marked  by  beautiful  memorials,  of 
which  the  monument  at  the  left  of  this  group  is  an  example.  This  in  particular  designates  the  position  held  by  the  74th  Pennsylvania  during  the  first  day's  tight.  It  is 
located  on  Howard  Avenue,  north  of  the  town.  The  stone  in  the  center  view  marks  the  spot  in  the  Bloody  Angle  where  Lieutenant  Cashing,  as  he  pitched  forward  mortally 
wounded,  discharged  his  piece  by  the  weight  of  his  body.  The  Hancock  memorial,  shown  at  the  right,  stands  upon  the  spot  where  General  Wintield  S.  Hancock,  command 
ing  the  Union  center,  was  severely  wounded  during  the  repulse  of  IMckett's  charge. 


NEW  YORK  STATIC  MONUMENT. 

Located  within  the  National  Cemetery,  this  dignified  and  artistic  memorial  excites 
the  admiration  of  all  visitors.  It  is  a  worthy  rival  in  size  and  beauty  to  the  great 
National  Monument.  It  was  erected  in  honor  of  the  eight  hundred  and  sixty -seven 
New  York  soldiers  who  where  killed  during  the  three  days'  struggle  ;md  are  buried 
here. 


THK  NATIONAL  MONUMENT. 

This  grand  monument  is  the  center-piece  of  the  National  Cemetery,  and  stands  upon 
the  identical  spot  where  President  Lincoln  delivered  the  well-known  "  Gettysburg 
Address,"  November  19, 1863.  It  is  crowned  with  a  white  marble  statue  of  the  Genius 
of  Victory.  The  base  is  flanked  by  four  statues  typical  of  Peace,  War,  History  ami 
Plenty. 


ROSTRUM  AND  GATE  OF  THE  GETTYSBURG  NATIONAL  CEMETERY. 

This  appropriate  resting-place  for  the  Union  soldiers  who  fell  at  Gettysburg  was  consecrated  to  that  purpose,  November  19.  18IB.  On  that  occasion  President  Abraham 
Lincoln  delivered  the  famous  "  Gettysburg  Address,"  a  brief  but  immortal  speech,  saying  in  part :  "  We  cannot  dedicate,  we  cannot  consecrate,  we  cannot  hallow  this  ground. 
The  brave  men,  living  and  dead,  who  struggled  here,  have  consecrated  it  far  beyond  our  power  to  add  or  detract.  It  is  for  us,  the.  living,  rather  to  be  dedicated  here  to  the 
unfinished  work  which' they  who  fought  here  have  thus  far  so  nobly  advanced.  That  this  nation,  under  God,  shall  have  a  new  birth  of  freedom."  The  view  shows  the 
beautiful^entrance'with  the  Reynolds  statue  beyond,  and  in  the  npper  left  corner  the  rostrum,  from  which  has  been  delivered  many  stirring  orations. 


Copyright,  1893,  W.  H.  Tipton.  THE  GETTYSBURG  NATIONAL  CEMETERY. 

The  grounds  of  this  great  National  Cemetery  cover  seventeen  acres  on  Cemetery  Hill.  It  was  planned  and  completed  by  authority  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  but  later  was 
turned  over  to  the  care  of  the  National  Government.  There  are  eighteen  sections  for  each  one  of  the  Northern  States  represented  in  the  battle,  three  for  the  unknown  dead, 
and  one  for  the  United  States  Regular  Army,  making  twenty-two  sections  in  all.  The  bodies  lie  with  feet  toward  the  National  Monument  in  the  center.  A  total  of  thirty- 
live  hundred  am^ninety  soldiers  are  buried  here,  of  which  nine  hundred  and  seventy-nine  are  among  the  unknown  dead.  The  headstones  of  the  identified  form  the  long 
granite  arcs.  The  unidentified  have  each  a  separate  marker. 


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